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Corundum var. Ruby, Vietnam Ruby is the red variety of the mineral corundum, composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) with its rich red color caused by trace amounts of chromium. With a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale, it is one of the hardest natural gemstones, second only to diamond. Rubies are prized for their vivid color, durability, and rarity, especially those with deep red hues known as “pigeon blood” rubies. Found in places like Myanmar, Thailand, and Mozambique, rubies have been treasured for centuries in jewelry and also have industrial uses, including lasers and watch components.